Recently a correspondent wrote to ask about the following: “An interesting story: in 1527, the year he was 18, Calvin was arrested, tried, and convicted of homosexual activity. Instead of being executed (per French law at the time), he was branded with a fleur-de-lis on one of his shoulders.”
This question is interesting for two reasons: the historical question (is the claim true?) and because it illustrates one of the problems of doing history on the internet.
The problem of doing history on the internet is illustrated by two sites. In the first instance it is claimed that Calvin was arrested for and convicted of Sodomy in 1527. In the second in second it is claimed that he was arrested for and convicted of sodomy in 1534.
The first author claims:
In 1551, a Catholic controversialist revealed that the archives of the city of Noyon, Calvin’s birth place, contain the record of a condemnation against Calvin, at age 18, for sodomy. He had by then already received the tonsure. His parents obtained clemency from the bishop, so that instead of being condemned to death as the law demanded, he was branded as a sign of infamy. The Catholic controversialist presented the evidence signed by all the eminent personages of the city. The English scholar Stapleton went there to examine the archives during Calvin’s lifetime, and vouched for the fact. The contemporary German Lutherans spoke of it as an established fact (Schlusselburg, Theologie calvinienne).
For the uninitiated this might seem like a plausible claim. It seems learned. The author cites a 1551 source, the author of which is identified as a “controversialist,” and an apparently modern French secondary work. A search of WorldCat (one of the world’s largest databases of library holdings across the globe) reveals no such title. This is not to say that the work does not exist but it does indicate that a volume with an author with this surname with those words does not appear to be catalogued in the civilized world. UPDATE: It appears that the citation is incorrect. The title is Theologia calvinistarum…. and it is available on Google Books. Thanks to HB reader Phil D. for his help.
Second, and more significantly, the author relies upon a most jaundiced and historically discredited sixteenth-century source, Jerome Bolsec (d. 1584). Bolsec was a former Carmelite monk turned physician, who had vacillated between the Reformation and Rome. He attacked Calvin’s doctrine of predestination during a meeting of the congregation. Bolsec, “a poor theologian technically” and “particularly weak on the history doctrines” (T. H. L. Parker) charged Calvin with making God the author of sin. Absent for the first part of Bolsec’s complaint, Calvin arrived unseen and stood to reply ex tempore for one hour. He replied to Bolsec in print in 1552 with De aeterna dei praedestinatione. Thus, Bolsec is hardly an unbiased witness. His account of Calvin’s life (see below) is notorious for its falsehoods.
Third, and most importantly, our author has his facts wrong. At age 18, Calvin, known for his austerity and devotion to Roman piety, was matriculated in the College de Montaigu (according to Ganoczy, 63–67. See below for bibliographic data), which was known for its strict discipline. Had there been anything like this it would have been noted then and he would have not been able to go on to Orleans and Bourges. Most definitively against this claim, however, is the fact that Calvin was not in Noyon and the registers do not record any such event in 1527.
Second, if anything did happen 1534 is a more likely date. In fact a certain “Iean Cauvin” (the original spelling of Calvin’s surname) was in Noyon in this period. According to the Alister E. McGrath, A Life of John Calvin: A Study in the Shaping of Western Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 73–74,
The Noyon archives for 26 May [1534] record that one ‘Iean Cauvin’ was imprisoned for causing a disturbance in church on Trinity Sunday.
He cites Abel LeFranc, La Jeunesse de Calvin (Paris, 1888), 201.
1534. 26 mai. — Me Jean Cauvin est mis in prison, à la porte Corbaut, pour tumulte fait dans l’èglise la veille de la Sainte-Trinitè, fol. 20, vo, èlargi le 3 juin, fol. 21, ro, reis en prison le 5, fol. 22, ro, (Inventaire de Sèzille, à la date).
This person, released on 3 June, was returned to prison two days later. Some Roman apologists have assumed that this “Iean Cauvin” must be the Reformer. McGrath explains:
…the Noyon edicts scrupulously record that the ‘Cauvin’ who was imprisoned possessed an alias—Mudit. [McGrath cites Emile Domergue, Jean Calvin, les hommes et les chases de son temps, 7 vols. (Lausanne, 1899–1927), 7.575] In other words, the Jean Cauvin dict Mudit was carefully distinguished fro the individual of the same name who had featured in the chronicles of that city only a few weeks earlier.
T. H.L. Parker noted this confusion in 1975, citing Emile Domergue’s 1927 correction and explanation of the city records regarding “Un Iean Cauvin, dict Mudit” [John Calvin: A Biography (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1975), 31.]. Ganosczy (p. 85) observes that there is ambiguity and doubt regarding the names and imprisonment.
Still, there is nothing here to suggest that Calvin was charged with sodomy in 1534 and branded with the fleur-de-lys so whence the claim of the second writer? Irena Backus, Life Writing in Reformation Europe: Lives of Reformers by Friends, Disciples, and Foes (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 159, explains:
As has been shown by other sixteenth- and particularly seventeenth-century Catholic biographies of the Reformer, Bolsec’s account of Calvin’s youth conflates at least two people from Noyon called Jean Cauvin. [fn 116 says, “Cf. also Théophile Dufour, ‘Calviniana’ in [no editor], Mélanges offerts à M. Émile Picot, member de l’Institut, par ses amis et élèves (Paris: Librarie Damascène Morgand, 1913), pp. 1–16, esp. pp. 13–16] To this conflation, he adds a certain amount of rumour and fiction, intending to give his reader a full portrait of Calvin’s iniquitous youth, the hallmark of any heretic.
She continues,
Bolsec further claims that Calvin himself was convicted of sodomy as a young cleric in Noyon, a crime for which he would have been burned at the stake had the sentence not been commuted at the last moment to branding with a fleur-de-lys on the shoulder. Under the weight of this opprobrium, Calvin, according to our biographer, sold his benefices and left for Germany and Ferrara. In fact, as is well documented by the same Le Vasseur [Jacques Le Vasseur, Annales de l’Eglise de Noyon jadis dite de Vermand, ou le troisiesme liure des Antiquitez, Chroniques ou plustost Histoire de la Cathedrale de Noyon. Par M. Iacques le Vasseur, docteur en theologie de la Facult´ de Paris, doyen et chanoine deladite Eglise, 2 vols. (Paris: Sara, 1633), 2.90], a certain Jean Cauvin, Roman Catholic vicar of Noyon, was deprived of his livings for refusing to abandon his dissolute lifestyle. The description might have well suited young Calvin were it not for the date, Janusary 1553; Calvin had been well and truly settled in Geneva since 1541 (ibid, 160).
Backus further explains that, according to Le Vasseur, “no records of branding exist in connection with any of the Noyon clergy of the 1530s. Indeed, this claim about the Reformer had already been exposed as false in 1583 by Jean-Papire Masson (ibid, 160).
In short, the Calvin imprisoned in Noyon, in 1534, was not the Protestant Reformer. The Calvin branded as a punishment for refusing to repent of sodomy was a Roman priest and not the Protestant Reformer and further this has been known since the 16th century. That old, centuries discredited myths are apparently gaining new life illustrates one of the dangers of learning via the internet.
The republication, on the internet, of these old, scurrilous, long-discredited, stories about Calvin the Reformers presents an opportunity to learn again the value of developing one’s critical faculties and historical acumen. The irony is that, with the rise of the internet, the need for the critical reading of texts has never been greater and the need comes when, perhaps, our ability to exercise such faculties has never been so diminished.
Without access to the registers of Noyon or sixteenth-century French church histories of Noyon, it might be difficult to sort out the claims about Calvin the Reformer but there are some clues embedded in the misleading, online sources cited above. One clue is that in 1551 a “Catholic controversialist” made this claim about Calvin. A critical, historically-minded reader should ask who that writer was. This would drive one back to reputable biographies of Calvin such as
- T. H. L. Parker, John Calvin: A Biography (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1975).
- Bruce Gordon, Calvin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).
- Alexandre Ganoczy, The Young Calvin, trans. David Foxgrover and Wade Provo (Edinburgh: T & T Clark Ltd., 1987).
In those biographies one would read about Bolsec’s complaints and perhaps noted that Bolsec was the biographer in question. This would lead to other sources such as Backus’ excellent account [I am grateful to my colleague Ryan Glomsrud for pointing me to this work] of the history behind Bolsec’s biography of Calvin.
A critical, as distinct from credulous, reading of these claims would also cause one to wonder about the plausibility of the claim that Calvin was convicted of deviant sexual behavior in 1527 and to doubt the notion that, in 1534, a man regarded as a notorious Protestant would have not have received the prescribed penalty. What motive would the authorities have had for such clemency?
The instance of these republished allegations presents an interesting test case. We have the citation of apparently impressive authorities, two fellows with the same or similar names in the same town at the same time. As has been noted, there is also a certain predisposition on the part of some (perhaps many) to believe that Calvin was a moral monster. These things are challenges for the casual reader and serious student alike. As we have seen, however, with patience, and diligence, such obstacles can be overcome.
©R. Scott Clark. All Rights Reserved.
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Algo,
I haven’t heard anything from Dr. Sippo in quite some time. He certainly is an extreme Roman apologist.
On the other hand, I’ve found very few (if any) pop-Roman apologists that are really fair to the Reformers. Most of them are clueless about contemporary Roman Catholic Reformation scholarship.
I’m a so-called “Romanist apologist” and I refuted this lie about Calvin in April 2007:
http://socrates58.blogspot.com/2007/04/refuting-ludicrous-anti-protestant.html
I’ve also defended Martin Luther several times against several bum raps. In other papers, I am critical of them in various ways, but in any event, I try my best to remain fact-based (as best we can ascertain them through historiographical research), and fair-minded.
Dave, I do recall that you wrote that post and I offered it as well as one by R. Sungenis to Dr. Sippo. It only made him angrier and more determined.
Dr. Clark,
James Swan has kept a log of some of the more interesting quotes of Dr. Art Sippo in his “Quotable Sippo” series:
http://beggarsallreformation.blogspot.com/search/label/The%20Quotable%20Sippo%20Series
Oh, and Dr. Clark I am a member at Grace OPC in Hanover Park.
You have many friends there.
Hey give my best to the brothers and sisters there! They were very gracious to us.
Thanks for the material. It’s a good example of horrible history.
Thanks Algo,
It’s hard to tell whether you are quoting Sippo at each point.
Sorry Dr. Clark.
I interacted with Dr. Sippo for over a year and saved most of what he posted.
The ridiculous claims he made were almost unbelievable.
The Moderator had to edit about 80% of his posts because he was so insulting.
more ridiculous ranting of Dr. Art Sippo on this topic:
“Calvin was in Geneva for several years when some of his fellow ‘reformed pastors’ WHO HAD ALL MARRIED came to him and showed concern for the fact that he hadn’t. They arranged a marriage for him to the widow of another pastor who was older than Calvin. This was a marriage of convenience for both parties.
They had only one son at which point most of Calvin’s biographers agree that he had very little to do with his wife. Calvin took no interest in his son who recedes into historical obscurity and is never heard from again. The relationship between Calvin and his wife was described as more like that that of a priest with his housekeeper or of an UNMARRIED MAN LIVING WITH HIS MOTHER.”
This Rabid Anti-Protestant has been posting on Patrick Madrid’s various discussion boards for years giving us all a lesson in Bombastic Behavior.
Algo,
Bolsec’s biography has long been discredited. As I noted, it was was discredit by Roman Catholic sources in the 16th century. Bolsec’s history was prejudiced and has been shown to be false by numerous biographies since.
One obvious falsehood in your last post. Calvin was, in fact, married. He married Idelle de Bure. They had one child who died in infancy. He adopted Idellette’s daughter.
That’s just one gross error of fact.
On the Servetus case, the facts are easily determined by anyone with the slightest bit of intellectual energy.
Start here: http://rscottclark.org/2012/09/the-calvin-as-tyrant-meme/
Yes, Dr. Clark.
These are the rantings of Romanist Apologist Art Sippo giving a perfect example of what you are correcting.
From Roman Catholic Apologist Art Sippo:
Algo,
I take it that you’re posting this as more evidence that Romanist apologists continue to repeat myths?
continued:
Bolsec was intelligent and articulate. He won the sympathy of the ecclesiastical ‘court’ that Calvin convened. While they did not all agree with his position, they did not think that he was a danger to the faith in Geneva. Calvin demanded Bolsec’s death. The Court would not agree. Then Calvin took a poll of the other Protestant pastors in Switzerland. They refused to exact the death penalty either. In fact, Calvin lost some of his closest friends because of his murderous attitude towards Bolsec. After suffering horrible physical and mental abuse, Bolsec was banished from Geneva and advised to leave Switzerland for his own safety.
“He later came to his senses and returned to the Catholic Faith. He then wrote a book on the life of Calvin which frankly repeated every negative comment or charge ever made against the man. The sodomy charge was one of them.
Calvin always harbored murderous intent against those who had the temerity to disagree with him. He had many such people executed with little problem. The most notorious case was that of Michael Servetus. Calvin had him killed to satisfy his own ego and lust for power.
Attempts had been made to verify the sodomy charges against Calvin, but since the events allegedly happened in a Protestant area, there have been charges of cover up and collusion to protect Calvin’s ‘good name.’
Nevertheless there are numerous facts about he man which IMHO make the charges credible.
Calvin started out his career to be a priest with an eye to a bishopric. When his father fell afoul of the Bishop of Noyon and was excommunicated, Calvin knew he could not advance into higher ecclesiastical office and changed his studies to law. AT NO TIME WAS CALVIN INVOLVED WITH OR INTERESTED IN WOMEN OR MARRIAGE.
After he joined the ‘reform’ movement CALVIN REMAINED CELIBATE WITH NO INTENTION OF MARRYING.”
Hey Bob,
No worries. LOL!
DTM,
“Re: the Palouse — LOL!
It took a while for me to catch the reference to the region including Moscow, Idaho.”
I never got the Muscovite reference at all!
Whoops, there goes that sinful-nature cookie, posting anonymous comments.
I agree with the gist of what you are saying about internet research. However, while it presents some obvious dangers, at the same time it opens some incredible avenues for research.
For instance, as an interested layperson, and searching for only 15 minutes, I was able to discover that Marcille was referring to a work by Konrad Schlüsselburg, who was actually a well known and published Lutheran theologian during the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
Here is a lengthy list of his works on Google Books, including his multi-volume Theologia Calvinistarum, which is available to read.
While I don’t have the time or inclination to search through these volumes for the supposed reference to Calvin’s supposed offense, it is certainly available for a serious scholar to do so.
Hi Phil,
Thanks for the links. I will check them out. I edited your post to clean it up a bit. The links are now embedded.
No question that the interwebs are a valuable resource. Here I am writing on the web and here you are reading it! I just want people to be a little more critical/skeptical of claims made on the web. It’s becoming a great vehicle for primary sources and texts at the same time it’s also a playground for cranks and crackpots. Caveat emptor.
Thank you for your work exposing this. I hadn’t yet heard the sodomy allegation, but I probably will sooner or later, and it’s nice to see someone with access to a seminary-level theological library do this sort of work.
You mean that we can’t just use google or wikipedia??? 😉
As someone who hasn’t read much 16th century French, it’s interesting to see some of the old orthography in the snippets above.
Your piece reminds me that back in 1983 my wife and I were being driven through the French countryside by our French hosts. As we approached Noyon, our friends said that there was nothing in this town but a museum to John Calvin.
Whoa! You can guess what we did for the next hour!
A wonderful place to visit (si vous connaissez le francais). The day we were there, some volunteers were cataloging documentation.
It was interesting to see a map of France showing Huguenot activity– many of the same areas provided settlers to Nouvelle France (a.k.a. Quebec).
It was at the Musee Calvin that I first heard about the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre.
Vermonster,
Thanks for stopping by. What a great trip!
I like your name and avatar quite a lot and you are quite welcome at the HB but the comment policy forbids anonymous comments unless there’s a compelling reason (e.g., you’re confessionally Reformed and live in a dangerous place, e.g., in Northern Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, or on the Palouse).
VERMONSTER’S PSEUDONYM MELTED!
C’est moi!
Re: the Palouse — LOL!
It took a while for me to catch the reference to the region including Moscow, Idaho.
Research, like education takes time. That would include learning how to do research and weave an argument.