I regularly get this question or its variant (is it semi-Pelagian to say that we are mystically united to Christ through faith?). I have answered the latter here. It might help the discussion if the reader consults the prior essay before continuing with this one since this one assumes the prior.
It seems fairly well established that the historic Reformed view of union with Christ is that there are three aspects of union: decretal, federal, and mystical. The last of these three aspects has been controversial in some confessional Reformed circles for 25 or 30 years. The traditional Reformed view was 1) there is an ordo salutis (this is in doubt in some Reformed circles now), i.e., a logical order in the doctrine of salvation. 2) That order is this: only the elect are regenerated (given new spiritual life), the regenerated are given faith with its attendant benefits (e.g., justification, adoption), and it is through faith that the Holy Spirit mystically unites the elect to Christ.
This is the teaching of the Heidelberg Catechism (1563). Question 32 asks “But why are you called a Christian?” It answers in part: “Because by faith I am a member of Christ and thus a partaker of His anointing…”. Please notice the instrumental language. “By faith I am a member of Christ…”. Faith is the instrument not only of our justification and adoption but also of our union with Christ. This is the teaching of Heidelberg 65. The premise of the question is that we are united to Christ, by the Spirit, through faith. It asks, “Since then we are made partakers of Christ and all His benefits by faith only, from where comes this faith?” The answer is particularly important here since it reaffirms our conviction that new life and true faith are worked in us and given to us by the sovereign prevenient work of the Holy Spirit: “The Holy Spirit works faith in our hearts1 by the preaching of the Holy Gospel, and confirms it by the use of the Holy Sacraments.” In Belgic Confession (1561) article 22 we confess “the Holy Spirit kindles in our hearts a true faith that embraces Jesus Christ, with all his merits…”. The Reformed were wont to attribute to faith all sorts of benefits. The French Reformed churches confess “by this faith we are regenerated (sanctified) in newness of life, being by nature subject to sin, Now we receive by faith grace to live holily and in the fear of God…”
The Westminster Shorter Catechism is quite clear not only about the logical order of the application of redemption but also about the place of mystical union with Christ in that order. According to question 29, we are made “partakers of the redemption purchased by Christ…by the effectual application of it to us by his Holy Spirit.” It should surprise no one to learn that the Westminster Divines were Augustinians. Question and answer 30 are central to this debate:
Q. 30. How doth the Spirit apply to us the redemption purchased by Christ?
A. The Spirit applieth to us the redemption purchased by Christ, by working faith in us, and thereby uniting us to Christ in our effectual calling.
Please note that the Spirit uses an instrument to apply to us “the redemption purchased by Christ.” What is that instrument? It is faith. Notice the instrumental clause: “by working faith in us and thereby uniting us to Christ” (emphasis added). “Thereby” is an adverb. It signals “by that means” (so the Oxford American Dictionary). Judging by the historical examples given in the Oxford English Dictionary to illustrate its meaning over time, his is the very sense it had when the divines used it in the mid-17th century. Faith is the instrument whereby the Spirit mystically unites his elect to Christ. In other words, it is not the case that we are mystically united to Christ in regeneration and that faith and works flow out of that union but rather, the Spirit uses faith to unite the regenerate to Christ and out of that (as we saw above) sanctification flows. The “thereby” of this question and answer repeats the clause “by working faith in us.”
In previous essays we have already seen that it is not at all true to say that the doctrine that the Spirit unites us to Christ through faith is semi-Pelagian but what should we make of the suggestion that the doctrine of the Reformed churches is Lutheran? The suggestion assumes that there is a great gulf between the Lutherans and the Reformed on this issue. That assumption is misleading. E.g., In the Formula of Concord (1577), the confessional Lutheran churches confess,
3. We believe, teach, and confess that faith is the only means and instrument whereby we accept Christ and in Christ obtain the “righteousness which avails before God,” and that for Christ’s sake such faith is reckoned for righteousness (Rom. 4:5).1
This was the doctrine of the Augsburg Confession (1530), which Calvin (among others of the Reformed signed) and which Beza and Goulart included in the Harmony of Confessions in 1580, in response to the Lutheran Book of Concord (1580). Traditionally, the Reformed understood the Lutherans to confess that new life (regeneration) is given by the Spirit through the preaching of the gospel. E.g., Augsburg Confession Art. 5: “Through these, as through means, he gives the Holy Spirit, who works faith, when and where he pleases, in those who hear the Gospel.”2. This is substantially the same language as Heidelberg Catechism 65.
There are certainly important and marked differences between Lutherans and the Reformed traditions, e.g., the rule of worship, Christology, the Supper, Baptism, church government, perseverance of the saints, covenant theology, and reprobation to name a few but it seems to be more an a priori assumption rather than a matter of fact that the confessional Lutheran and Reformed traditions are fundamentally divided on this point.
So, the answer to the question is no and yes. No, it is not a distinctively Lutheran doctrine to say that the elect are mystically united to Christ, by the Spirit, through faith. That is the doctrine of the Reformed churches and the Westminster Divines. It was also the teaching of the confessional Lutherans.
NOTES
1. Theodore G. Tappert, ed., The Book of Concord the Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (Philadelphia: Mühlenberg Press, 1959), 473.
2. Ibid., 31.
Super helpful. I greatly appreciate this post.
This post contains many items that remind me of some of the debates I have with adherents of “decision-based” theology. It is my understanding that everything being said here supports the belief that we are brought to faith (passive on our part) by the working of said faith through the hearing of the preached Word. In other words, it is God who comes to us and brings us to faith via the Holy Spirit; it is not we who approach God and make a “decision” to “accept.” Supported in scripture, we have been “chosen before the foundations of the world were laid.”
The push-back argument to this thinking is always that, if all this were true in salvation, we would be little more than robots. In other words, just as almost everything else in life, we have to “decide” whether to accept or reject the calling through the Gospel. Yet, every time I witness a credo-baptist’s “testimonial” in his/her profession of faith it almost always contains verbiage about something they did (active, as they see it) rather than something God did to bring them to faith. Doesn’t seem like we could have it both ways…
Well put!
Thank you!